In 1896, the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, held that racial segregation was constitutional under the “separate but equal” doctrine. Response to Plessy, particularly among Southern states, was swift. In Virginia, state and local bodies enacted laws and implemented policies designed to pass constitutional scrutiny to limit African Americans’ access to the political process, and economic and educational opportunities. African American lawyers were not immune to these actions.

Having been denied membership in the American Bar Association, in 1907 a group ofAfrican American attorneys formed the National Negro Bar Association (NNBA) in Little Rock, Arkansas. In August 1922, the NNBA held its 14" annual conference in Norfolk, Virginia, bringing many of the top legal minds from across the country to Norfolk. In October 1923, African American members of the local bar formed the Tidewater Bar Association (TBA). Founding members included TBA officers Walter L. Davis, President; R.H. Pree, Vice President; D.H. Edwards, Recording Secretary; V.C. Hodges, Corresponding Secretary; and A. Rainey, Treasurer. The TBA was renamed the Twin City Bar Association (TCBA), and for a brief period was also known as the Norfolk County Bar Association. Members of the TCBA worked collectively and collaboratively with organizations such as theNAACP Legal Defense Fund to challenge legalized segregation and discrimination that existed at the state and local levels, and to combat residential segregation, underfunded segregated schools, and disparities in pay for teachers at those schools. By 1933, the TCBA was instrumental in the effort to encourage African Americans to register to vote and in assisting residents in the community to become qualified voters.

The TCBA also left its mark on the landscape of the local legal system and community. In 1954, the Old Dominion Bar Association (ODBA), the statewide bar association for minority attorneys in Virginia, held workshops in Norfolk at the Young Park Recreational Center on civil rights procedures for local attorneys. The ODBA and TCBA met regularly to collaborate on this initiative. The TCBA also worked to attain fair and equitable treatment of all individuals in the courtroom. Toward this end, in 1954, twenty-three members of the TCBA, led by attorneys Hilary H. Jones, Jr. and W.T. Mason, Jr., endorsed a candidate for the Corporation Court of Norfolk. In 1955, several members of the TCBA unsuccessfully applied for membership in the Norfolk Portsmouth Bar Association, which at the time did not have any African American members. TCBA president Hilary H. Jones, Jr., and members Victor J. Ashe, C. Arnett Bibbins, Yolande H. Chambers, E. Armistead Dawley, Jr., T. lone Diggs, J. Hugo Madison, Sr., William T. Mason, Jr. and James A. Overton were all denied membership.

Nevertheless, the TCBA and its members continued to press on and to advocate for change. By unanimous vote in 1957, the TCBA denounced the erection of artificial barriers and restrictions to deny Virginians the right to use public facilities based on race and announced the organization’s support for “any lawful action” to end segregation. From time to time, various members of the TCBA (including Victor J. Ashe, C. Arnett Bibbins, James Gay, Joseph L. Jordan, Jr., and Thomas W. Young) ran for city council, without success. Eventually, the efforts of the TCBA and its members contributed to several “firsts” —

• 1963 —W.T. Mason, Jr. was appointed the first African American Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Commonwealth of Virginia.

• 1968 — Joseph L. Jordan, Jr. became the first African American elected to Norfolk City Council since 1890.

• 1968 — William P. Robinson, Jr. was hired as the first African American Assistant Commonwealth’s Attorney in Norfolk.

• 1970 — William P. Robinson, Jr. became the first African American Assistant Attorney General hired in the Virginia Office of the Attorney General.

• 1976 —Lester V. Moore became the first African American judge in Norfolk when he was appointed to the Norfolk Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court.

• 1977 — Joseph L. Jordan, Jr became the first African American judge on Norfolk General District Court.

Since these “firsts,” members of the TCBA and South Hampton Roads Bar Association (as the TCBA is now known) have continued to distinguish themselves as members of the Virginia general assembly and other state and local elected positions; as judges on all levels ofVirginia’s Judiciary and as judges on the Federal Court bench; as Commonwealth Attorneys, assistant Commonwealth Attorneys and defense attorneys; as City Attorneys and assistant city attorneys; leading legal aid offices; working at private law firms as associates, partners and managing partner; in leadership roles with other local and statewide bar associations (including the first African American president of the Norfolk and Portsmouth Bar Association); and in leadership roles with non-profits and other community organizations. In 2016, the Virginia State Bar recognized the South Hampton Roads Bar Association (SHRBA) as the Local Bar Association of the Year.

More recently, SHRBA members who have exceled are —

• Hon. Gwendolyn Jones Jackson (retired), who in 1991 was the first African American female judge in South Hampton Roads and the second woman appointed to the Norfolk General District Court bench.

• Hon. Raymond A. Jackson, who in 1993 was the first African American appointed to serve on the Federal Court bench in South Hampton Roads. Judge Jackson was the second African American judge appointed to serve on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.

• Hon. S. Bernard Goodwyn was appointed to the Supreme Court ofVirginia in 2007, and became the second African American Chief Justice of that court in 2022.

Additionally, the SHRBA has partnered with and mentored law students; and collaborated with the Old Dominion Bar Association, the Virginia Beach Bar Association, the Norfolk and Portsmouth Bar Association, and the Hampton Roads Community Foundation on programs to enrich the legal profession and the community at large. Among other activities, SHRBA members donated pro bono services at a “No Bills Night” hosted by the Virginia State Bar Young Lawyers Conference and the Urban League ofSouth Hampton Roads; participated in a Senior Law Dayand an extension ofthe “So You’re 18” program; have been speakers at the Virginia State Bar Bar Leaders Institute; served as speakers on career panels at local law schools; led pre-law events to promote diversity in the next generation oflawyers; and conducted school supply and holiday toy drives.

As the SHRBA marked its 100" Anniversary in 2023, the organization continues to serve the South Hampton Roads legal community and the community at large.

PAST PRESIDENTS

Past Presidents of South Hampton Roads Bar Association and its predecessor organizations (Tidewater Bar Association, Norfolk County Bar Association, and Twin City Bar Association) have included:

Stephen E. Anthony, Esq.

Victor J. Ashe, Esq.

Lt. Cheryl J. Avery, Esq.

Herman T. Benn, Esq.

Charles A. Bibbins, Esq.

Pamela Boston, Esq.

Clarence H. Brooks, Esq.

Sonnie G. Cuffey, Esq.

Darius K. Davenport, Esq.

Walter L. Davis, Esq.

Edward Delk, Esq.

Bertha L. Douglas, Esq.

Judge Archie Elliott, Jr.

W.W. Foreman, Esq.*

James Gay, Esq.

Judge Robert F. Hagans, Jr.

*These individuals have attained the status of “President Emeritus,” in recognition of their outstanding and dedicated service to the organization.